# Thunar 檔案總管

## 介紹 Thunar

Thunar 是 Xfce 桌面環境嶄新的檔案總管。 Thunar 以快速且易於使用為設計的原則。它的使用介面清爽又直覺，也沒有什麼奇奇怪怪的東西或預設一些無用的額外功能。Thunar 在啟動程式及載入目錄時的反應時間都奇快無比。

Thunar 檔案總管能夠讓您很直覺地管理自己的檔案與程式。您可以使用檔案總管從事以下的操作:

- 建立目錄與文件
- 檢視您的檔案和資料夾。
- 管理您的檔案與資料夾。
- 可以執行並管理自定的動作。
- 存取隨身型的儲存媒體。

## The File Manager Window

By default the file manager window consists of a shortcut pane on the left side, the main area on the right and a pathbar above the main area.

File Manager Window

The Shortcut Pane provides shortcuts to different folders on your system. The first shortcut will lead to your Home Folder, the folder you store all your personal data, and will therefore have the name of the current user. The second shortcut will take you to the trash bin, which stores deleted files that can be recovered later. The third shortcut takes you to the Desktop Folder, which contains the files and folders that are displayed on the desktop. The fourth shortcut will take you to the root of your file system - you may want to explore it a bit, even though it may be confusing to you if you are new to Linux/Unix. Just click on the different folders and see what is inside.

Below the File System shortcut, the removable drives and media will be displayed. In the screenshot above, you can see a Floppy Drive shortcut. Click on these shortcuts to access the data stored on the removable drives and media. See using-removable-media for further details.

The remaining shortcuts are user defined. Add your own shortcuts by simply dragging folders to the Shortcuts Pane. This will allow you to access important folders instantly. To remove a previously added shortcut, right-click on the shortcut and choose Remove Shortcut. To rename a previously added shortcut, right-click on the shortcut and choose Rename Shortcut. Note that these actions affect only the shortcut, not the folder referenced by the shortcuts.

The main area will always display the contents of the current folder. Double click on folders to enter them, and right-click on files or folders to get a context-menu offering some choices of what to do with it. Select multiple files by dragging a rectangle over them with the mouse. Alternatively, select one file, hold down the Shift key, and increase or decrease the selection using the arrow keys.

The pathbar will always show the path you took to get to the folder you are currently at. You can click on any pathbar button to change to the folder it represents. Right-click on a pathbar button to bring up a context-menu with some options.

### Customizing the Appearance

There are many ways to customize the appearance of the file manager windows. In case you do not like the way the icons are displayed, choose View View as Detailed List from the main menu to have the contents of the current folder displayed as a list.

You can have the file manager windows display a location bar instead of the pathbar by choosing View Location Selector Toolbar Style from the main menu.

In case you prefer a treeview in the left pane, choose View Side Pane Tree from the main menu.

#### Visible Columns in the Detailed List View

If you prefer to display the contents of the folder as a list, using the Detailed List View, you can customize the columns displayed in the list view. To customize the visible columns, choose View Configure Columns... from the main menu.

Visible Columns

Visible Columns

- Select the columns you want to be displayed from the list of available columns. Click Move Up or Move Down to change the order of the columns. Click Use Default to revert your changes.

Column Sizing

- Select the option Automatically expand columns as needed if you want the list view columns to expand automatically if the needed to ensure the text is fully visible.

## Working with Files and Folders

### Opening Files

When you open a file, the file manager performs the default action for that file type. For example, opening a text file will display it in the default text editor, while opening an image file will display the image in the default image viewer.

The file manager checks the extension of a file to determine the type of a file. If the file has no known extension, the file manager examines the contents of the file.

#### Executing the Default Action

To execute the default for a file, double-click on the file. For example, the default action for audio files is to play the it with the default music playing application. In this case, you can double-click on the file to open the file in the music player.

You can set Thunar preferences so that you click once on a file to execute the default action. For information, see preferences-behavior.

#### Executing Non-Default Actions

To execute actions other than the default action for a file, select the file that you want to perform an action on. Choose the desired action from the Open With choices available in File menu or an Open With submenu.

#### Adding Actions

To add actions associated with a file type, perform the following steps:

1. In the main area, select a file of the type to which you want to add an action.

2. Choose File Open With Other Application... from the main menu.

3. Either choose an application in the Open With dialog or select Use a custom command and browse to the program with which you wish to open this type.

The action you have chosen is now added to the list of actions for that particular file type. If you enabled the Use as default for this kind of file option or there was no prior action associated with the type, the newly added action is the default.

You may also add actions using the Open With button under File Properties....

#### Modifying Actions

To modify the actions associated with a file or file type, perform the following steps:

1. In the main area, select a file of the type for which you want to modify the action.

2. Choose File Properties... from the main menu.

3. Select the new default action using the Open With button or add a new action by choosing Open With Other Application... from the drop down menu.

To remove a previously added action for a file type, bring up the Open With dialog as described above, right-click the action you want to remove and choose Remove Launcher.

### File Properties

The file properties window shows more information about any file or folder in the file manager. With this window, you can also do the following:

- Change the icon for special files, such as application launchers and URL links.

- Add or remove emblems for a file or folder.

- Change the UNIX file permissions for a file or folder.

- Choose which application is used to open a file and other files of the same type.

File Properties

To open the file properties window, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder whose properties you want to examine or change. You cannot select multiple items at once and display the properties that are in common to all items currently.

2. Do one of the following:

   - Choose File Properties... from the main menu.

   - Right-click the selected item and choose Properties... from the context menu.

   - Press Alt Return.

## Using Removable Media

### Accessing Removable Media

Thunar supports removable media if it was built with support for HAL, or if you are using FreeBSD. Note however that on FreeBSD 6.0 or newer, it is suggested to use HAL rather than the native support provided by Thunar.

#### To Mount Media

To mount media is to make the file system of the media available for access. When you mount media, the file system of the media is attached as a subdirectory to your file system.

To access media, insert the media in the appropriate device, or connect the new device to your computer (i.e. connect an USB stick to one of your USB ports). An object that represents the media is added to the side pane of the file manager. If xfdesktop is running and configured to display File/launcher icons this object will also be added to your desktop.

To actually mount the media, click on the object that represents the media. For example, to mount a floppy diskette, click on the Floppy Drive object in the side pane. The file manager will now add the file system of the media to your file system hierarchy and display the contents of the floppy diskette in the main area.

#### To Eject Media

If the drive for the media is a motorized drive (i.e. a CD-ROM drive), right-click on the media object in the side pane or on the desktop and choose Eject Volume. The media is ejected from the drive after a few seconds. If the drive for the media is not motorized (i.e. a floppy drive or an USB stick), right-click on the media object and choose Unmount Volume. After a short period of time, a notification will appear to inform you that it is now safe to remove the media or disconnect the drive from the computer.

Unmount notification

However this notification will only be displayed if support for libnotify is enabled, and you have installed a notification daemon. A notification daemon for Xfce is available from the Xfce Goodies Project. If notification support is not available, wait until the context menu disappears before you remove the media or disconnect the drive.

Be aware that you cannot eject or unmount media that is still in use by one or more applications. Therefore if the file manager refuses to eject media, make sure you close all applications that were accessing the media, and be sure to also check command line applications running in Terminal windows.

Make sure to unmount removable media before ejecting. Do not eject a diskette from the floppy drive before your unmount the diskette. Do not remove an USB stick before you unmount the flash drive. If you do not unmount the media first you might lose data or cause your system to crash.

### Management of Removable Drives and Media

Thunar is also able to automatically manage removable drives and media if the thunar-volman package is installed on your system. Note however that this feature requires HAL support.

Now, if HAL support is available and thunar-volman is installed on your system, you can choose to enable the Volume Management feature of Thunar. Therefore, open the file manager preferences, go to the Advanced page and check the Enable Volume Management button.

The next step is to customize the management of removable drives and media to your needs. Click on the Configure link in the Volume Management section, right below the button. The Removable Drives and Media configuration dialog will be displayed.

Removable Drives and Media

If you have used the gnome-volume-manager previously, you should feel right at home, because it was designed to look and behave similar to gnome-volume-manager. The preferences are divided by device categories to make it easy to locate the option for you specific device.

The Storage page contains the most important options. As the name suggests these options apply only to storage devices like external harddisk drives, USB sticks and CD-ROMs. The Removable Storage options are described in detail below.

Mount removable drives when hot-plugged

- Enable this option to automatically mount file systems on removable drives (i.e. external harddisk drives or USB sticks) when such drives are plugged into the computer.

  This option must be enabled for certain other features to work with removable drives. For example, if you disable this option, certain kinds of portable music players cannot be detected any more and so, even if you enabled the Play music files when connected option on the Multimedia page, the specified command will not be run when you hot-plug your portable music player.

Mount removable media when inserted

- Enable this option to automatically mount file systems on removable media (i.e. CD-ROMs or DVDs) when you insert the media into the drive.

  This option must be enabled for certain other features to work with removable media. For example, if you disable this option, it is impossible to detect whether the removable media has auto-run capabilities, and so the Auto-run programs on new drives and media option has no effect for removable media.

Browse removable media when inserted

- Enable this option to automatically display the content of newly inserted media in the file manager. Note however, that the contents will only be displayed if no other action was possible or you choose to ignore the other possible actions. For example, if you insert a CD-ROM with auto-run capabilities and the Auto-run programs on new drives and media option is enabled, you will be prompted whether you want to allow or ignore the auto-run. If you choose to ignore the auto-run the contents will be displayed in the file manager.

Auto-run programs on new drives and media

- Enable this option to make use of auto-run capabilities of certain removable drives and media. See the Desktop Application Autostart Specification for details about the auto-run mechanism. To enhance security, you will always be prompted to confirm the auto-run.

  If the Windows emulator WINE is installed on your system, the auto-run mechanism will also try to run `autorun.exe` files using WINE.

Auto-open files on new drives and media

- Enable this option to make of auto-open capabilities of certain removable drives and media. See the Desktop Application Autostart Specification for details about the auto-open mechanism. To enhance security, you will always be prompted to confirm the auto-open.

The remaining options allow you to specify a command to run when a certain kind of media is inserted into a drive or a certain kind of external device is connected. The command can use three special variables, that will be substituted when the command is run:

`%d`

- Each appearance of `%d` in the command will be substituted with the device file path of the newly added device. For example, if you have plugged in an USB stick, the device file path will be `/dev/da0s1` or `/dev/sda1`.

  If no device file is associated with the device or the device file could not be found for some reason, the variable `%d` will be substituted with the empty string.

`%h`

- Each appearance of `%h` in the command will be substituted with the HAL UDI of the newly added device.

`%m`

- Each appearance of `%m` in the command will be substituted with the mount point where the newly added device was mounted. If the device cannot be mounted (for example printers or keyboards) or if the automatic mounting was disabled, `%m` will be substituted with the empty string.

#### Troubleshooting the Volume Manager

Useful tips to trouble shoot the volume manager in case it does not work as expected.

1. Make sure Thunar is running as daemon. The volume manager depends on this, as it is not a daemon by itself. By default, Xfce automatically spawns Thunar as daemon on startup. If it got killed for some reason, open the Run program (using the keyboard shortcut Alt F2 or right-click on the desktop and choose Run Program... from the desktop menu), enter `Thunar --daemon` and click Run.

2. Try running thunar-volman from a Terminal window after hot-plugging the drive or inserting the media. First, you need to figure out the HAL UDI of the new device using lshal or hal-device. Once you know the UDI, run `thunar-volman --device-added <udi-of-your-device>` in a Terminal window and watch the output for errors or warnings.

If it still refuses to work, ask on the Xfce Forum or the thunar-dev mailing list for help.

## File Management Preferences

Use the File Manager Preferences dialog to set your Thunar file manager preferences. To open the preferences dialog, choose Edit Preferences... from the menu bar, or click on the File Manager button in the Xfce Settings Manager.

The File Manager Preferences dialog is divided into four pages with different options, each described in a separate section below. Basically you can set preferences in the following categories:

- The default settings for the views.

- The default settings for the side pane.

- The behavior of the file manager windows.

- Advanced features of the file manager.

Thunar also supports a bunch of so-called Hidden Options, which control several advanced features of the file manager, but are not included in the preferences in order to keep the preferences dialog simple. The `README.thunarrc` file that is included with the Thunar distribution describes all available options in detail.

### Views Preferences

You can specify a default view, select sort options and display options. You can also specify whether thumbnails should be displayed for file types that support this.

Views Preferences

View new folder using

- Select the default view for folders. When you open a new window, the is displayed in the view that you select. This can be either the icon view, the compact list view or the detailed list view. You can also select Last Active View here to use the view you used for the last active window.

Sort folders before files

- Select this option to list folders before files when you sort a folder.

Show thumbnails

- Select this option to show thumbnails of image files and other supported files. The file manager stores the thumbnail files for each folder in the hidden `.thumbnails` directory in the user's Home Folder.

  See thumbnailers if you want to extend the basic thumbnail functionality provided by Thunar with support for additional file types.

Text beside icons

- Select this options to place the icon captions for items in the icon view beside the icon rather than under the icon.

### Side Pane Preferences

You can select display options for the shortcuts pane and the tree pane.

Side Pane Preferences

The side pane can either display a list of shortcuts for folders in your file system, which is the default, or a tree view of your file system. This page allows you to select the size of the icons for the shortcuts and the tree pane. You can also specify whether emblems should be displayed.

Icon Size

- The size of the icons displayed in the side, ranging from Very Small (around 16x16 pixels) to Very Large (around 128x128 pixels).

Show Icon Emblems

- Select this option to display emblems for folders in the side pane. You can assign emblems to folders in the Properties dialog. Select a folder in the main area and choose File Properties... from the main menu, or right-click the folder and select Properties... from the context menu.

### Behavior Preferences

You can select the preferred behavior to interact with the file manager.

Behavior Preferences

Single click to active items

- Select this option to perform the default action for an item when you click on the item. When this option is selected, and you point to an item, the title of the item is underlined and the item will be selected automatically after a short delay.

  This delay can be configured below the option. You can also disable the automatic selection of items by moving the selector to the left-most position.

Double click to activate items

- Select this option to perform the default action for an item when you double click on the item, and select the item with a single click.

### Advanced Preferences

You can control advanced features of the file manager.

Advanced Preferences

Folder Permissions

- Choose the action that should be performed when you change the permissions of a folder in the Properties dialog. You can choose to let Thunar ask everytime when you change folder permissions, tell it to default to applying the new permissions to the folder only or to apply them recursively to the folder contents as well.

Volume Management

- If Thunar was installed with support for HAL and the thunar-volman package is also installed, you can enable the integrated volume manager. See management-of-removable-drives-and-media for details about this feature.

## Customizing Thunar

This chapter describes how to customize certain parts of the file manager to your own needs.

### The "Send To" Menu

Thunar includes a Send To menu, which provides possible targets where files and folders can be sent to. To access the Send To menu, choose File Send To from the main menu, or right-click on a file or folder and choose Send To.

"Send To" Menu

By default, the Send To menu includes an entry named Desktop (Create Link) for all files and folders, which simply creates a link on the desktop for each selected file. In addition, if the Shortcuts Pane is active, the menu also includes an entry called Side Pane (Create Shortcut) for folders, which allows users to add new shortcuts to the side pane. Following these entries, Thunar lists the removable drives currently plugged into the computer. In the screenshot above, the Floppy Drive represents a possible target where files can be sent to. Note that the device is mounted automatically once selected from the Send To menu, so you do not need to manually mount it.

In addition Thunar also ships the thunar-sendto-email plugin, which adds the entry Mail Recipient to the menu, that opens the mail composer with the selected files attach to the new email. If the selection contains atleast one folder, the selected items are added to a ZIP archive before attaching them to the email. Otherwise, if the selection contains multiple files, or a single file, which is larger than 200Kib, the user will be prompted whether to pack the files into a ZIP archive, and send the ZIP archive.

Like most other features of Thunar, the Send to menu can be easily extended by users and application developers with new targets, using standard desktop entry files. These files must be installed into one of the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/Thunar/sendto/` folders (see the XDG Base Directory Specification for details about the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS` variable).

The `MimeType` of the target `.desktop` specifies the types of files for which this action should be available in the Send To menu. For example, say you want to add entry for a Flickr uploader tool, then this entry should only show up if the selection contains JPEG files (other file formats are not supported by Flickr) and so you should add a line `MimeType=image/jpeg;`. If you do not specify any `MimeType` your entry will show up for all file types.

A complete example using the postr application is shown below:

    # postr.desktop - Integrate postr into
    #                 the "Send To" menu.
    [Desktop Entry]
    Type=Application
    Version=1.0
    Encoding=UTF-8
    TryExec=postr
    Exec=postr %F
    Icon=postr
    Name=Flickr
    MimeType=image/jpeg;

If you install this file to `~/.local/share/Thunar/sendto/` (create the folder if it does not exist yet), the Send To menu for JPEG files will show the new entry Flickr, which can be used to upload JPEG images to Flickr.

The Thunar Project Wiki contains additional examples of useful targets for the Send To menu. Feel free to extend the Wiki page with new examples.

### Thumbnailers

Thunar uses small utilities to create thumbnails of certain file types and displays the thumbnails as preview of the file content. These small tools are called thumbnailers. Thunar ships with thumbnailers for image and font files, and makes use of the installed thumbnailers from GNOME automatically if it was installed with support for `gconf`. Users may however dynamically extend this basic functionality with thumbnailers for additional file types.

If you plan to write a custom thumbnailers, you need to start with a program that accepts atleast two command line parameters, the input file, which is of the file type you plan to support and the output file, which is a PNG file that complies with the format specified by the Thumbnail Management Standard. Additionally your program may also accept the desired size of the thumbnail, which is optional but highly recommended. If you write the output file at an arbitrary image size, Thunar will afterwards scale it to the desired size, which might produce a less optimal result than generating the thumbnail with the requested dimensions.

Once your utility to generate the thumbnails is done, you will need to register your thumbnailer, so Thunar is able to locate and use it. Therefore all you need to do is to install a description file for the thumbnailer (a `.desktop` file) in one of the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/thumbnailers/` paths. For example, if you want to register the thumbnailer for your user account only, you can install the file into the folder `~/.local/share/thumbnailers/`. The `.desktop` for thumbnailers has the following format.

#### Thumbnailer Description File Format

Thumbnailer description files utilize the Desktop Entry Format with a special `Type` of `X-Thumbnailer` and special field `X-Thumbnailer-Exec` with new field codes. Basically, a thumbnailer description file has the following format.

    [Desktop Entry]
    Version=1.0
    Encoding=UTF-8
    Type=X-Thumbnailer
    Name=Your Thumbnailer
    MimeType=your-supported/mime-type;
    X-Thumbnailer-Exec=your-thumbnailer %i %o %s

The `Version` and `Encoding` are mandated by the Desktop Entry Specification, just use the values shown in the example above. The `Type` field must have the special value `X-Thumbnailer`, otherwise your thumbnailer will not be recognized. The `Name` value describes your thumbnailer.

The `X-Thumbnailer-Exec` field contains the command to run your thumbnailer, and supports certain field codes that will be substituted when the thumbnailer is run. Recognized field codes are as follows:

`%i`

- The local path to the input file for which to create a thumbnail. May be either a path relative to the directory from which the thumbnailer was invoked or an absolute path.

`%o`

- The local path to the output file where to store the generated thumbnail. The output file must be written as valid PNG file according to the thumbnail standard (see above). Note that the path may not end with `.png`, which matters if you invoke certain third party tools.

`%s`

- The desired size of the generated thumbnail in pixels. This parameter is optional.

`%u`

- Similar to `%i`, but substituted with the URI of the file, rather than the path. This was added for compatibility with GNOME.

`%%`

- Will be substituted with a single `%`.

You need to include atleast `%o` and `%i` or `%u`, otherwise your thumbnailer will be useless.

The `MimeType` lists the MIME types - separated by semicolon - for which your thumbnailer is able to create previews.

#### Example EPS Thumbnailer

This example demonstrates how to write and install a new thumbnailer for `.eps` files, which uses the `convert` utility that ships as part of ImageMagick. First, we start with a simple script that invokes `convert` to generate a thumbnail at the requested size.

    #!/bin/sh
    #
    # eps-thumbnailer - Example thumbnailer script for EPS files.
    #
    # Usage: esp-thumbnailer eps-file png-file size
    #

    # command line parameters
    ifile=$1
    ofile=$2
    size=$3

    # invoke convert (ImageMagick)
    exec convert "eps:$ifile" -scale "$sizex$size" "png:$ofile"

Save this script above to a file `eps-thumbnailer`, make sure the file is executable and install it to `/usr/local/bin`.

    $ chmod +x eps-thumbnailer
    $ sudo install eps-thumbnailer /usr/local/bin/eps-thumbnailer

Next we need to create the thumbnail description file `eps-thumbnailer.desktop`, which looks like this:

    [Desktop Entry]
    Version=1.0
    Encoding=UTF-8
    Type=X-Thumbnailer
    Name=EPS Thumbnailer
    TryExec=convert
    MimeType=image/x-eps;
    X-Thumbnailer-Exec=/usr/local/bin/eps-thumbnailer %i %o %s

This file must be installed to `/usr/local/share/thumbnailers` (create the folder if it does not exists).

    $ sudo install -d /usr/local/share/thumbnailers
    $ sudo install eps-thumbnailer.desktop /usr/local/share/thumbnailers/eps-thumbnailer.desktop

The `eps-thumbnailer.desktop` file uses the special key `TryExec`, which, if specified, names a command that must be present on the system for the thumbnailer to be useful. In this case, our script is useless if the `convert` utility is not present.

The last step is to regenerate the thumbnailer cache, so Thunar will pick up our thumbnailer. The thumbnailer cache is located at `$XDG_CACHE_HOME/Thunar/thumbnailers.cache` (unless overridden by your or your system administrator, the `$XDG_CACHE_HOME` points to the folder `~/.cache/`). The thumbnailers cache is regenerated periodically by Thunar, but you can force to regenerate it by invoking the `thunar-vfs-update-thumbnailers-cache-1` utility, that ships as part of Thunar. This utility is usually installed in the `libexec` subfolder of your installation prefix (`sbin` on Debian/Ubuntu). So for example, if Thunar is installed in `/usr`, invoke the utility as follows:

    $ /usr/libexec/thunar-vfs-update-thumbnailers-cache-1

But make sure you run the program from your user account, not the superuser account, since the thumbnailers cache is stored in your home folder, rather than a system wide location.

Now, if Thunar is compiled with support for file alteration monitoring (using the FAM or Gamin services), it will automatically pick up the new thumbnailers cache within a few seconds and afterwards be able to generate thumbnails using your custom thumbnailers. Otherwise you might need to completely restart Thunar to apply the changes, using

    $ Thunar -q

to terminate any running instance, and afterwards restart it from your launcher.

#### Cleaning up Thumbnails

The generated thumbnails are stored in the folder `~/.thumbnails/` complying with the Thumbnail Management Standard. While testing a new thumbnailer, it might help to clean up the thumbnail cache using

    $ rm -rf ~/.thumbnails/

which will also give you some free space in your home folder. Since all the information stored within this folder was automatically generated from files in your file system, you will not loose any sensitive data.

## 進階內容

### To Bulk Rename Files

To bulk rename files means to rename multiple files at once using some criterion, that applies to atleast one of the files. Thunar includes a bulk renamer, which can be run separately using the command `Thunar -B` or from within Thunar by selecting two or more files in the main area and pressing F2 or choosing Edit Rename... from the main menu.

Bulk Rename Files

The Bulk Renamers can be applied to the name of the files, the suffix of the files or both to the name and the suffix of the files. Thunar currently supports the following Bulk Renamers:

- Remove characters.

- Numbering files.

- Insert Date or Time.

- Insert or overwrite characters.

- Search and replace characters.

- Convert to uppercase, lowercase or camlcase.

Additional Bulk Renamers may be installed as plugins for Thunar. Check the Thunar Plugins website for currently available extensions. The Thunar Project Wiki contains further details about this feature. Feel free to add more information to the Wiki.

### UNIX 檔案系統

既然 Thunar 檔案總管已經幫您把使用檔案的瑣碎細節給處理好了，一般使用者其實可以不必管這些細節的東西。不過稍微了解一下整體性的觀點，有時候對您也會十分有用的哦。本章節將會初淺地介紹 UNIX 檔案系統的基本概念，這些概念在每一種 UNIX 上都可以套用，當然也包括了 Linux。

#### 檔案與路徑

在 UNIX 檔案系統中，所有的資料夾都可以像摸藤找地瓜一樣 ；匯歸到同一個最初始的源頭目錄。這一個目錄，我們叫它 根目錄 (我們比較常用 目錄這個字眼而不是用 資料夾)而在 Thunar 裡則是顯示為檔案系統 。這表示在開枝散葉的樹狀結構中，您可以很有條理地在各個資料夾裡層層往上推，最後都是殊途同歸；然後再來清楚地往下尋找您想要找到的資料夾，一切都有條不紊。

在系統裡任何檔案或資料夾的位置都能用所謂的 路徑 來描述。 路徑會以根目錄為起始，條列出您指定的檔案或資料夾的精確位置。舉個例子來看： `/home/luke` 就是表示從根目錄算起，`luke` 是位於 `home` 底下的子目錄，而`/home/luke/myfile.txt` 表示檔案 `myfile.txt` 就放在子目錄裡。最前面的反斜線 `/` 就是代表根目錄的意思。

每位使用者都擁有自己的目錄以置放自己的檔案和相關的設定。這個目錄稱為家目錄 ，您在 Thunar 工具列上會看到一個標示著您登入帳號的特別小圖示。這個目錄有點類似您在Windows 底下常看到的 我的文件夾。 系統使用者的家目錄 通常是被放在 `/home` 這個目錄底下。比如說 `/home/luke` 這個目錄就是登入帳號為 `luke`這個用戶的家目錄。同樣地 `/home/jane`也就是登入帳號為`jane`這個使用者的家目錄。

#### 檔案類型

也許您有聽說在 UNIX 底下任何東西都是「檔案」， 時至今日 UNIX 的本色依然如此。事實上就連硬體設備也被當作特別的「檔案」。或許乍聽之下會有點奇怪，這卻正是 Unix 具有韌性和延展性的強項之一。如此安排讓 Unix 數十年來不管面對怎樣的新科技，核心架構依然單純合理。不像其他的作業系統需要不斷花時間更改它們的架構內容才有辦法跟上時代。

在 UNIX 系統中，有四種最重要的檔案類型您不可不知。

##### 實質檔案

實質檔案的定義包含文字、程式、或其他具體的資料。像是圖片、音樂檔、office 文件，以及影片檔這些親切的東西。一般我們講的 檔案 其實就是在說這些實質檔案。

##### 目錄檔

資料夾在 UNIX 裡也是一種檔案。我們要把它視作一種特殊檔案，主要的功用在於儲存資料夾中每個實質檔案依照其檔名所產生的對應關係並且處理和安置這些關聯性。

##### 符號連結檔

符號連結（常被稱為 symlink）是一種特殊的檔案，內含檔案系統上另一個檔案的路徑。符號連結檔案除了指向其他檔案以外，本身並未包含太多有用的資訊。

##### 裝置檔

前面提到既然硬體是「檔案」，它們當然也位於檔案系統之中。這些特殊的「硬體檔」通常都擺在 `/dev` 這個資料夾。比方說「硬體檔」 `/dev/hda` 就代表您的Linux 裡頭第一顆(a) IDE 硬碟(hd)。

## 常見問題集

以下章節的內容，是我們在各方搜集整理當您在使用 Thunar 時，可能會遇上的常見狀況及其簡易解答。如果您知道一些有用的問題卻沒列在裡頭，請經由 file a request告訴我們。

### 在 Thunar 裡頭看到的可執行檔為什麼不能執行？

為了系統安全 Thunar 只能夠執行 `application/x-desktop`、 `application/x-executable` 還有`application/x-shellscript`這幾種執行檔。放在桌面上的程式圖示除非在`Application`這欄有設定並且有標明 `Exec` 這一行否則無法執行，此外像 `Link`(連結) 這種桌面圖示沒有輸入正確的 `URL` (網址)的話也會執行失敗。其他類型的執行檔除非目前的使用者有為它們加上可執行的內容屬性，不然也是不會動的。

另外也要注意屬於 `application/x-executable` 以及 `application/x-shellscript`的執行檔。這些類型的程式碼不需要真的符合內建對應的檔案類型就能執行。只要執行檔的父程序符合上述兩種執行檔之一，或者其 MIME-類型是上述執行檔類型的別名的話，就能夠被執行。

### Thunar 都把設定檔案關聯類型的資料放在哪裡呢？

Thunar 能夠處理許多類型的檔案與資料夾，全靠我們叫作元始資料的法寶。這種聯繫所有檔案類型的元始資料是以 tdb 資料庫型式儲存的，而這個資料庫檔又稱為元始檔案(metafile)。儲存的檔案放在 `$XDG_CACHE_HOME/Thunar/metafile.tdb` 這裡，您可以用`tdbtool`來檢查一下，在 Thunar 公布的原始碼中附有這個工具。(放在原始碼解開後的 `tdb/` 子目錄裡)。

### 請問 Thunar 的功能設定放在哪裡呢？

Thunar 將可供使用者調整的設定 (以及隱含的設定) 放在一個類似 `.ini` 的檔案中，我們把它放在 `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/Thunar/thunarrc` 這個檔案裡頭，您可以使用文字編輯器來直接加以修改。請參考 `docs/README.thunarrc` 說明檔案以便認識這些設定選項。

### 要怎麼在 Thunar 裡頭使用滑鼠手勢？

Thunar 現在使用圖示檢視模式時可以玩到一種叫作 滑鼠手勢 的新功能。要使用 滑鼠手勢 您需要按住滑鼠中鍵 (也就是滾輪的地方) 不放，然後在檔案總管空白的地方就會出現之前沒看過的箭頭游標 (請注意不要點到任何檔案圖示或文字)。 現在您可以上下左右動動看這個游標，我們將為您說明指到這四個方向有什麼作用。

- 向左 - 回去前一個目錄
- 往上 - 跳到往上一層的目錄
- 向右 - 跳到往後一個目錄
- 往下 - 重新整理現在這個目錄

### 我要怎樣才能改成我想要的快速鍵？

如果您想要更改快速鍵，Thunar 支援標準的 GTK+ 行為方便您改動快速鍵：只要將滑鼠游標指到程式選單中您可以反白的操作選項那裡，然後馬上按下您想要的快速鍵組合就行了。

要消除您不想要的快速鍵，同樣也是滑鼠擺到程式選單可以反白的操作選項那裡然後按下消去鍵( Backspace )即可。

如果設定的快速鍵沒有更動，那麼您需要自行啟用 GTK+ 的這個好用之處。有3種方法可以幫您做到:

- 如果您有執行 Xfce 4.3 或更新的版本，請在使用者介面自定 設定中心的地方勾選 自定程式選單功能 選項即可。

- 如果您在執行 GNOME 桌面，則在控制台中 選單及工具列 的地方勾選 自定程式選單功能 。

- 最後手段就是在您的 `~/.gtkrc-2.0` 設定檔(沒有的話請自行建立)裡加上這一段 :

      gtk-can-change-accels=1

### 那麼 Thunar 是把快速鍵的設定放在哪裡呢？

自定的快速鍵會存成標準的 GTK+ accel 對映格式然後擺在 `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/Thunar/accels.scm`這個檔案裡。您若看到每行最前面有 `;` 就是註解停用的。請參考 GTK+ 文件以便深入了解這種檔案格式的細節。

如果您是軟體包裝人員或是系統管理員，那麼也許會想要提供一組全域適用的預設快速鍵，而不是採用Thunar 原始碼中提供的設定。您可以建立像 `Thunar/accels.scm` 的檔案，放在 `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS` 的資料夾裡。舉例來說，如果 `/etc/xdg` 屬於 `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS` (大多數 Linux 套件的預設路徑)的話，您就可以把全域使用的快速鍵放在`/etc/xdg/Thunar/accels.scm`這邊。Thunar 在初次啟動時就會載入這裡的快速鍵設定。

## 程式支援

對這份手冊以及介紹的程式若發現錯誤或有其他建議，請用錯誤回報系統http://bugzilla.xfce.org/告訴我們。一份描述妥當的錯誤回報，能夠加快我們改善的進度。而妥當的回報主要有兩項重點:

- 出錯屢試不爽 如果開發人員在他那邊沒有辦法重現出錯的步驟，也就無從得知如何修理了。請儘量提供您如何操作時的細節。

- 軟硬體環境 The quicker the developer can isolate the problem to a specific area, the more likely he will expediently fix it.

如果您想要下一版能加入一些新功能，請清楚地跟我們講為何加入的功能可以讓程式更好用。假若您提出的新功能真地讓我們覺得夠好夠讚非加不可，下一版的程式可能就會有哦。懂得修改程式的您如果能夠提供實作新功能的 patch ，那麼下一版會出現的機會就更大了。不過請先閱讀網站上的 HACKING 說明- 尤其是 Coding Style 這一節- 這樣合作起來才會更愉快哦。

最後，如果您在使用或安裝本軟體時有什麼問題，請洽詢 thunar-dev mailing list ，或是使用 IRC 聊天軟體連上 irc.freenode.net，加入我們的頻道 #thunar ，裡面會有熱心的人幫您。

## 關於 Thunar

Thunar 是由 Benedikt Meurer (benny@xfce.org)所撰寫。請造訪 Thunar 網站以獲得更多資訊。

本文件撰寫人為 Benedikt Meurer (benny@xfce.org)。最新版本的文件內容可自這裡 Thunar website取得。

本軟體依自由軟體基金會所訂立的 GNU General Public License 授權條款散布 ;乃依版本 授權2 版為基準， (如您有意願)亦准許展延至其後版本。

本軟體應有隨附一份 GNU General Public License 授權條款; 如果您沒有找到，請來信告知 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.